Fruits (achenes) of sixteen species and 20 taxa belonging to Filipendula Adans. (Rosaceae) were investigated with a stereromicroscope. The result well supported the Shimizu (1961) system in which the genus was divided into three subgenera such as Hypogyna, Ulmaria, and Filipendula, and the subgenus Ulmaria into four sections such as Schalameya, Albicoma, Sessilia, and Ulmaria. It was found that F. vestita (Wall.) Maxim. belonging to section Sessilia should be moved to section Schalameya. Fruit key to the species and descriptions of each species were made. Taxonomic problems between species were also discussed.