압해도(전라남도 신안군)의 식물상
Floristic study of Aphaedo Island in Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea
Article information
Abstract
전라남도 신안군에 위치한 압해도의 관속식물상을 조사하고 분포가 확인된 주요 식물에 대해 논의 하였다. 2011년 5월부터 2016년 3월까지 총 28일간 현지조사를 통해 확보된 표본에 근거하여 식물목록을 작 성한 결과, 압해도에 분포하는 관속식물은 102과 294속에 속하는 413종 6아종 30변종 2품종 등 총 451분류 군으로 정리되었다. 이 중에서 멸종위기 및 희귀식물은 왕자귀나무, 병아리다리, 성주풀 등 9분류군이 확인 되었다. 식물구계학적 특정식물은 V등급 4분류군, IV등급 6분류군, III등급 19분류군, II등급 4분류군, I등급 26분류군 등 총 59분류군이 조사되었다. 특산식물은 새끼노루귀, 좀땅비싸리, 해변싸리 등 6분류군이 확인되 었다. 귀화식물은 생태계교란식물인애기수영, 미국쑥부쟁이, 서양금혼초 등을 포함하여 총 52분류군으로 나 타났다. 압해대교 개통 전후에 수행된 선행연구 비교를 통하여 압해도의 귀화식물 변화를 분석하였다.
Trans Abstract
We investigated vascular plants of Aphaedo Island in Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea. By referring to voucher specimens collected over the course of 28 days from May of 2011 to March of 2016, a total of 451 taxa were identified and grouped into 102 families, 294 genera, 413 species, 6 subspecies, 30 varieties, and 2 forms, of which 9 taxa were classified as endangered or rare, including Albizia kalkora, Salomonia oblongifolia, and Centranthera cochinchinensis var. lutea. A total of 59 taxa were identified as regional indicator plants. Six taxa were endemic to Korea, including Hepatica insularis, Indigofera koreana, and Lespedeza maritima. Three taxa (Rumex acetosella, Aster pilosus, and Hypochaeris radicata) among 52 naturalized taxa were ecosystem- disturbing plants as designated by the Ministry of the Environment. The results of preceding floristic research before and after the inauguration of the Aphaedaegyo (bridge) were used to analyze changes in the number of naturalized species on Aphaedo Island.
Aphaedo Island is located in the southwest end of Korea. It belongs to Aphae-eup in Shinan-gun in Jeollanam-do. Aphaedo Island is adjacent to Muan-gun on the east, Amtaedo Island on the west, Mokpo-si on the south, and Jido Island on the north. Aphaedo Island is connected to Mokpo-si through the Aphaedaegyo Bridge. It is also connected with Muan-gun through the Kimdaejungdaegyo Bridge. Aphaedo Island is the main island of Aphae-eup consisting of 60 uninhabited islands and 8 inhabited islands, including Garando Island, Goyido Island, and Maehwado Island. The area of Aphaedo Island is 48.87 km2, and the coastline reaches 81.9 km (Shinan-gun Office, 2016). Aphaedo Island is a mountainous area formed by Holmaesan Mountain (or Inmaesan Mountain, elev. 138.2 m) to the north of the island and Songgongsan Mountain (elev. 234.1 m) which is the highest peak of the western end. The center and the southeast of the island are flat while its outskirts are hilly areas of about 100 m in elevation. The entire island is surrounded by tidal-flats. Its coastline has a lot of bays and capes. However, its coastline is monotonous due to reclamation and paddy fields. It is said that the name (Aphae, 押海 in Chinese character) of this island is derived from the shape of the island spreading on three sides, pressing (押) the sea (海) (National Geographic Information Institute, 2010).
Shinan-gun, including Aphaedo Island, has an average annual temperature of 14.4°C as of 2015. Its average temperatures in January (the coldest month) and in August (the hottest month) are 2.5°C and 25.9°C, respectively, with a difference of 23.4°C. It has a temperate oceanic climate (Shinan-gun Office, 2016). Aphaedo Island belongs to the south coast subdistrict of the floristic region of the Korean peninsula (Lee and Yim, 2002). A total of 154 taxa (134 species, 18 varieties, and 2 forms) of 61 families and 124 genera were recorded at Aphaedo Island in floristic studies for 32 islands (distributed in the West and South Coast of Korea) conducted from June 2003 to October 2003 by Park (2004). Jeong et al. (2011) have reported 103 taxa from Aphaedo Island based on voucher specimens obtained from 11 islands in Shinan-gun in 2003 and 2010 (the list of plants growing in the region was counted as 102 taxa). Nam et al. (2012) have surveyed the flora of three islands (Aphaedo Island, Bigeumdo Island, Dochodo Island) belonging to Shinan-gun from May to September 2010 and reported 379 taxa from Aphaedo Island (the list of plants growing in the region was counted as 380 taxa). Hwang et al. (2013) have surveyed 15 islands in Shinan-gun from September 2004 to September 2010 and reported 287 taxa from Aphaedo Island. Kim (2008) has also reported 68 taxa of naturalized plants from Aphaedo Island in an ecological study on vegetation distribution of coastal islands.
The objective of the present study was to update vascular plant flora of Aphaedo Island and determine the distribution of major plants such as endangered species, rare plants, endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula, and regional indicator species representing the south coast subdistrict flora. Another purpose of this study was to understand changes of flora in comparison with previous studies. The island was connected to the main land by Aphaedaegyo in 2008. After that, Shinangun Office was moved in 2011 and Kimdaejungdaegyo was opened in 2013. In 2018 there will be an inauguration of the Saecheonnyeondaegyo Bridge connecting Aphaedo Island and Amtaedo Island. This study was conducted to obtain basic data on the conservation and management of Aphaedo Island’s biological resources, which are under high development pressure as the island is Shinan-gun’s administrative and transportation center.
Materials and Methods
A field survey was conducted for a total of 28 days from May 2011 to March 2016 to examine the flora of Aphaedo Island. The scope of the survey covered vascular plants that appeared all over the area of Aphaedo Island, encompassing 10 administrative districts: Songgong-ri and Daecheon-ri, including Songgongsan Mountain, the highest peak (234.1 m) in the island; Dongseo-ri and Bunmae-ri (plains district through which Route 2 passes); Sinsang-ri (where Shinan-gun Office and Aphaedaegyo is located); Janggam-ri; Hakgyo-ri (including town office); Bongryong-ri (with Kimdaejungdaegyo connecting to mainland); Garyong-ri and Sinyong-ri (composed of hilly areas and farmlands of Holmaesan Mountain) (Fig. 1, Table 1). We collected samples in various plant growth environments such as coast, mountains, villages, farmland, and roads in the survey area on foot. In this process, individuals with reproductive organs such as flower, fruit, and sporangium were collected and prepared as dried specimens. Location, habitat, and identification of specimens were entered into the National Biological Resources Input System of the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) in Korea. Voucher specimens were deposited at the herbarium of NIBR (KB).
Map of the investigated area (Aphaedo Island).
Investigation timeline and location in Aphaedo Island.
Identification and classification of these collected plants were performed with reference to Lee (1996a, 1996b), Lee (2003), Lee (2006), Park (2009), Park et al. (2008, 2011), and Hoshino and Masaki (2011). Scientific and common names were based on National List of Species of Korea (National Institute of Biological Resources, 2017) and Synonymic List of Vascular Plants in Korea (Korea National Arboretum and The Plant Taxonomic Society of Korea, 2007). The list of identified plants was arranged according to the Genera of Vascular Plants of Korea (Park, 2007). All plant names in list were based on voucher specimens. Taxa below the genus were arranged in alphabetical order. If there were several collections of voucher specimens for the same taxon, the first sampled specimen was presented. These investigated plants were reviewed in detail by the Red Data Book of Endangered Vascular Plants in Korea (National Institute of Biological Resources, 2012), Rare Plants Data Book in Korea (Korea National Arboretum, 2008), regional indicator species (National Institute of Environmental Research, 2012), endemic plants of Korean Peninsula (Chung et al., 2017), and the list of naturalized plants (Bang, 2014) presented in the Ministry of Environment’s “1st Alien Species Management Plan”.
Results and Discussion
List of vascular plants
A total of 451 taxa (413 species, 6 subspecies, 30 varieties, and 2 forms) in 102 families 294 genera of vascular plants growing on Aphaedo Island were identified, including 13 species of ferns (in 10 families 11 genera), 7 species of gymnosperms (in 2 families 4 genera), and 431 taxa (393 species, 6 subspecies, 30 varieties, and 2 forms) of angiosperms in 90 families 279 genera (Table 2, Appendix 1). This is equivalent to 10.1% of 4,455 taxa of the Korean Peninsula (National Institute of Biological Resources, 2017), 35.5% of 1,271 taxa of vascular plants distributed in the southern coastal district of Korea (Oh et al., 2004), and 32.7% of 1,379 species of vascular plants known to be distributed in southwestern islands in Korea (Oh et al., 2010). A total of 586 taxa (species and infra-specific taxa) have been reported from Aphaedo Island, including 154 taxa by Park (2004), 68 taxa by Kim (2008), 102 taxa by Jeong et al. (2011), 383 taxa by Nam et al. (2012), and 287 taxa by Hwang et al. (2013). Compared to previous studies, 119 taxa were newly identified in this study. Thus, a total of 705 taxa (635 species, 8 subspecies, 58 varieties, and 4 varieties) in 117 families 390 genera of vascular plants have been reported in Aphaedo Island so far, including the 119 taxa identified in the current study. Among them, cultivated plants were 25 taxa (species and infra-specific taxa), including Ginkgo biloba L., Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. and Lagerstroemia indica L. etc.. Excluding cultivated plants reported in this study and previous studies, 680 taxa (611 species, 8 subspecies, 57 varieties, and 4 varieties) belonging to 110 families 373 genera of vascular plants are found to be native to Aphaedo Island (Appendix 1).
Number of vascular plants in Aphaedo Island.
Among vascular plants identified in this study, evergreen broad-leaved trees were 11 taxa: Quercus salicina Blume, Camellia japonica L., C. sasanqua Thunb., Eurya japonica Thunb., Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb., Euonymus japonicus Thunb., Ilex crenata Thunb., Fatsia japonica (Thunb.) Decne. & Planch., Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean, Vitex rotundifolia L. f., and Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.. Among these taxa, Camellia japonica, Hedera rhombea, and evergreen fern species Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw., Pteris multifida Poir., and Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl. are southern plants that are expected to grow in population size and range expansion to the north due to temperature increase caused by global climate change. These are taxa that are designated and managed by the Ministry of Environment as national climate change index species (Lee et al., 2010). In addition, halophytes growing on salt fields and sea shores including mud flats, sand dunes, and rocks (Na and Hyun, 2015) were classified into 41 taxa (species and infraspecific taxa) in 18 families 32 genera (Table 3). This corresponds to 9.1% of plants distributed on Aphaedo Island. Among these, 15 taxa such as Salsola komarovii Iljin, Suaeda japonica Makino, and Polygonum fusco-ochreatum Kom. are newly reported species in this study. Suaeda glauca (Bunge) Bunge, Suaeda australis (R. Br.) Moq., Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort., and Salicornia europaea L. are known as representative halophyte species of Chenopodiaceae. They were found in tidal flats, salt fields, and around the marina in Garyong-ri and Sinjang-ri.
List of halophytes in Aphaedo Island.
Endangered and rare plants
The following nine taxa are classified as Threatened (critically endangered [CR], endangered [EN], vulnerable [VU]) and near threatened (NT) category in the Red Data Book of Endangered Vascular Plants in Korea (National Institute of Biological Resources, 2012) and the Rare Plants Data Book in Korea (Korea National Arboretum, 2008): Albizia calcareous (Roxb.) Prain, Wisteria japonica Siebold & Zucc., Salomonia oblongifolia DC., Bupleurum falcatum L., Centranthera cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. var. lutea (H. Hara) H. Hara, Utricularia bifida L., Hololeion maximowiczii Kitam., Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f., and Pogonia japonica Rchb. f. (Table 4). Juniperus chinensis L. belongs to VU in the Red List category. However, it is excluded from the list as it is a planted species.
List of endangered or rare plants in Aphaedo Island.
Albizia kalkora (Fig. 2A) was growing in foothills of Garyong-ri coast and in hills near Bunmae-ri ranch as reported in previous studies (Park, 2004; Jeong et al., 2011; Nam et al., 2012; Hwang et al., 2013). In addition, it has been found in uninhabited islands such as Songgongsan Mountain, Godongseom Island, Dolseom Island, Odo Island, Jeongjudo Island, and Haeduseom Island which belongs to Aphaedo Island (Hwang, 2017). Wisteria japonica (Fig. 2B) was observed in Hakgyo-ri Holmaesan Mountain area. Salomonia oblongifolia (Fig. 2C) was growing on the eastern slope of Bokryong-ri opposite to Holmaesan Mountain. Bupleurum falcatum was growing together in the native area of Albizia kalkora in Bunmae-ri. Centranthera cochinchinensis (Fig. 2D), Utricularia bifida (Fig. 2E), Hololeon maximowiczii (Fig. 2G), and Pogonia japonica (Fig. 2I) were distributed on the southern slope of Songgongsan Mountain bordering Songgong-ri and Daecheon-ri. In this slope, regional indicator species and a variety of mountain wetland plants have been identified, including V grade species Utricularia racemosa Wall. ex Walp. (Fig. 2F) and IV grade species such as Scleria caricina (R. Br.) Benth. (Fig. 2H), Scleria rugosa R. Br., Rhynchospora chinensis Nees & Meyen, Scleria parvula Steud., Parnassia palustris L. var. multiseta Ledeb., Habenaria linearifolia Maxim., and so on. However, they were close to low-lying trails, causing concern about degradation of native habitat and disturbance of the ecosystem due to influx of invasive plants. There are also private forests and forests owned by families of same clan. Therefore, the possibility of habitat damage due to anthropogenic activity such as mountain clearing and installation of facilities cannot be excluded. In 2007, a bonsai park was constructed on the southern side of Songgongsan Mounatain, damaging much of the wetlands. However, in the upper area of the park, a wetland ecological garden was created and a part of it was preserved. In the future, it is necessary to conduct a detailed survey on wetlands distributed throughout Songgongsan Mountain and prepare conservation plans including designation of wetland protection areas.
Some remarkable plants in Aphaedo Island. A. Albizia kalkora (Roxb.) Prain. B. Wisteria japonica Siebold & Zucc. C. Salomonia oblongifolia DC. D. Centranthera cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. var. lutea (H. Hara) H. Hara. E. Utricularia bifida L. F. Utricularia racemosa Wall. ex Walp. G. Hololeion maximowiczii Kitam. H. Scleria caricina (R. Br.) Benth. I. Pogonia japonica Rchb. f.
Regional indicator plants
A total of 59 species and infraspecific taxa were confirmed as regional indicator species distributed in Aphaedo Island, including four grade V taxa [Albizia calcora (Roxb.) Prain, Wisteria japonica Siebold & Zucc., Utricularia bifida L., Utricularia racemosa Wall. ex Walp.], six taxa in grade IV [including Polygonum fusco-ochreatum Kom., Salomonia oblongifolia DC., Centranthera cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. var. lutea (H. Hara), and H. Hara etc], 19 taxa in grade III [including Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. var. japonica (Miq.) Kitam., Cynanchum nipponicum Matsum., Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f. etc.], four taxa in grade II, and 26 taxa in grade I. These taxa represent 13.1% of vascular plants identified on Aphaedo Island. A total of 24 taxa, including Polygonum fusco-ochreatum, Trichosanthes kirilowii, and Cynanchum nipponicum, are newly recorded regional indicator species (Table 5).
List of regional indicator plants in Aphaedo Island.
The majority of these regional indicator species in grade V and IV are endangered and rare plants of the Red Data Book of Endangered Vascular Plants in Korea (Table 4). Albizia calcora (Fig. 2A) is restricted to the western coast while Wisteria japonica (Fig. 2B) distributes relatively broad in the south coast and coastal areas in Jeollabuk-do. Both species are not currently protected by law. They are exposed to development threats because they are growing in the vicinity of villages (National Institute of Biological Resources, 2012). Polygonum fusco-ochreatum, a halophyte reported in the western coast of south Chungcheong-do, was observed around the native habitat of Albizia kalkora on the coast of Garyong-ri. Cladium chinense Nees and Scleria caricina (R. Br.) Benth. (Fig. 2H) are restricted to the southern coastal regions and islands in Korea, respectively. In this study, they were found in the south coast of Songgongsan Mountain and wetlands of south slopes, respectively.
Endemic plants
The following endemic plants in the Korean Peninsula were identified in the survey area: Hepatica insularis Nakai, Indigofera koreana Ohwi, Lespedeza maritima Nakai, Forsythia koreana (Rdhder) Nakai, Paulownia coreana Uyeki, and Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L. H. Bailey. This is equivalent to 1.6% of 360 species (including infraspecific taxa) of Korean endemic plants (Chung et al., 2017) (Table 6). Hepatica insularis was discovered in southern slope of Songgongsan Mountain while Indigofera koreana Ohwi was growing in the forests of Bunmae-ri and near Geumsansa Temple in Garyongri. Lespedeza maritima was distributed at the mountain foot of the north side of the Bokryong-ri Horae reservoir while Forsythia koreana (planted) was collected in the forests and farms near Horae reservoir. Paulownia coreana and Weigela subsessilis not previously reported on Aphaedo Island flora were observed in Bunmae-ri Moknaru and Songgongsan Mounatain north slopes, respectively.
List of plants endemic to Korea found in Aphaedo Island.
Naturalized plants and invasive species
A total of 52 species and infraspecific taxa (in 16 families 40 genera) examined in this study are naturalized plants. This is equivalent to 11.5% of total vascular plants in Aphaedo Island. Among these, invasive (i.e., ecosystem disturbing) plant species include Rumex acetosella L., Aster pilosus Willd., Hypochaeris radicata L., Solidago altissima L., Paspalum distichum L., and P. distichum L. var. indutum Shinners (Table 7). A total of 334 taxa of naturalized plants listed in the 1st alien species management program of the Ministry of Environment (Bang, 2014) are divided into four categories based on risk level: ecosystem risk, ecosystem risk concern, harmless to ecosystem, and unclassified. According to the risk level, naturalized plants of Aphaedo Island are classified as follows. Ecosystem risk species includs all six invasive species listed above. Ecosystem risk concern species were Phytolacca americana L., Plantago lanceolata L., and Aster subulatus Michx.. Thirteen species were included in harmless to ecosystem category while 29 species were classified in the unclassified category. On the other hand, Indigofera bungeana Walp. not inlcuded in the list of the Ministry of Environment is a plant introduced from China for landslide prevention as well as greening purpose. It was included in the list of naturalized plants of this study.
List of naturalized plants in Aphaedo Island.
Naturalized plants (species and infraspecific taxa) surveyed in Aphaedo Island since 2003 include 11 taxa by Park (2004), 67 taxa (a total of 68 taxa are presented, of which Veronica polita Fr. subsp. lilacina (H. Hara ex T. Yamaz.) T. Yamaz. are excluded here because they are native plants) by Kim (2008), 16 taxa by Hwang et al. (2013), 10 taxa by Jeong et al. (2011), and 55 taxa by Nam et al. (2012). The total number of naturalized plants reported in Aphaedo Island reached a total of 22 families, 77 genera, 100 taxa (species and infraspecific taxa), including 12 newly confirmed ones in this study such as Malva neglecta Wallr., Aster pilosus, and Briza minor L. etc. (Tables 7, 8). This corresponds to 14.7% of 680 taxa (excluding cultivated plants) of vascular plants distributed on Aphaedo Island to date. The percentage of naturalized plants (naturalization rate) in Aphaedo Island is higher than that of Imjado Island (5.5%) (Hong et al., 2011), Dochodo Island (8.9%) (Nam et al., 2012), and Bigeumdo Island (9.6%) (Nam et al., 2012). In addition, this is higher than the average naturalization rate (7.66%) of plants in inhabited island of Jeollanam-do and the naturalization rate of plants on islands in the Yellow Sea (8.39%) (Kim et al., 2017). The naturalization rate of plants on inhabited islands has a significant positive correlation with the size of the island (Kim et al., 2017). The naturalization rate of plants on Aphaedo Island is high compared to the naturalization rate of plants on Daebudo Island (12.9%) (Lim et al., 2014) which is adjacent to the metropolitan area and under accelerated development.
Change in number of naturalized plants in Aphaedo Island.
Aphaedaegyo is a bridge connecting Aphaedo Island and Mokpo City. It was started in 2000 and completed in 2008. Naturalized plants of Aphaedo Island were increased by a factor of 1.4 compared to that at the beginning period of the bridge construction (11 taxa) and 9 times just before the onset (69 taxa) (Table 8). On the other hand, most of invasive plants identified in this survey were found in the vicinity of Sinjangri, the place where it was connected with the Aphaedaegyo. Aster pilosus, Hypochaeris radicata, and Solidago altissima were frequently observed near the marina and Route 2. Paspalum distichum and P. distichum var. indutum were found near the reservoir (Ohoje) located in the northwest of the Aphaedaegyo and in a nearby waterway. On the other hand, Rumex acetosella and Hypochaeris radicata were distributed sporadically along the southern slope of Songgongsan Mountain where rare plants such as Utricularia bifida, Centranthera cochinchinensis, and Pogonia japonica were found.
Once the Saecheonnyeondaegyo is open in 2018 and Amtaedo Island, Jaeundo Island, Palgeumdo Island, and Anjwado Island are connected to Aphaedo Island, it is expected that naturalized plants of Aphaedo Island will rapidly flow into these areas. Island areas are vulnerable to external influx and environmental changes due to limited habitat space (Kim et al., 2017). From this perspective, it is necessary to closely monitor the naturalized plants on these islands.
Notes
Conflict of Interest
Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant (NIBR201701202) from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE), Republic of Korea.
