Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
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Rungia stolonifera C. B. Clarke, Fl. Br. India 4: 547, 1885 (Acanthaceae) (Fig. 4A).
Justicia stolonifera (C. B. Clarke) B. Hansen, Nord. J. Bot. 9: 210, 1989.Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°01′53.4″N, 96°24′49.6″E, elev. 804 m, 31 Jan 2018, Kim et al. MM-6543 (HHU).Type: India, Khasia, Hooker J. D. and Thomson T. s.n. (Type: K), seen as a photo.Distribution: Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), India (Wu et al., 1994).Note: This species has the characteristics of a flower of Rungia. However, unlike other species in the genus, which are mostly erect herbs, this species is a vine with a prostrate stem habit. Bracteoles of this species are ovate-lanceolate and are as long as bracts, unlike Rungia chinensis Benth., the most closely allied species (Wu et al., 1994). -
Hydrocotyle chiangdaoensis Murata, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 25: 97, 1973 (Apiaceae) (Fig. 3A).
Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°13′50.2″N, 96°31′03.7″E, elev. 1,372 m, 6 Oct 2017, Kim et al. MM-6405 (HHU).Type: Thailand, Northern Chiang Mai Doi, Chiang Dao, 26 Sep 1971, Murata G. et al. T/15040 (Isotype: L), seen as a photo.Distribution: Thailand (Shimizu et al., 1984).Note: This species was first discovered and reported in a limestone area of Thailand. The emergence of this species in this survey area appears to be due to its geological similarity to the type locality in Thailand. The leaf margin (dentation) of the species is unique and easily distinguishable from those of other species in Hydrocotyle (Shimizu et al., 1984). -
Pimpinella yunnanensis (Franch.) H. Wolff, Pflanzenr. IV 228 (Heft 90): 266, 1927 (Apiaceae) (Fig. 2C).
Carum yunnanense Franch., Bull. Annuel Soc. Philom. Paris VIII, 6: 128, 1894.Pimpinella pseudocandolleana H. Wolff, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 27 (734–740): 189, 1929.Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°15′27.7″N, 96°25′05.8″E, elev. 1,383 m, 14 Jan 2017, Kim et al. MM-5995 (HHU, KB).Type: China, Yunnan, Delavay J. M. 3903 (Isotype: K), seen as a photo.Distribution: China (Wu et al., 2005).Note: It is an endemic species distributed in Yunnan (China), and a small number of individuals grow around the forest margins. This species differs from others which closely resemble it, i.e., Pimpinella renifolia H. Wolff, by having cordate-lanceolate or long triangular basal and lowers leaves. This is a very distinguished feature in Pimpinella (Wu et al., 2005). -
Rohdea siamensis (Yamashita & M. N. Tamura) Yamashita & M. N. Tamura, J. Pl. Res. 117: 369, 2004 (Asparagaceae) (Fig. 3B).
Campylandra siamensis Yamashita & M. N. Tamura, Blumea 46: 183, 2001.Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°10′09.5″N, 96°26′09.2″E, elev. 1,234 m, 30 Jan 2018, Kim et al. MM-6495 (HHU).Type: Information unavailable.Distribution: Thailand (Yamashita and Tamura, 2001).Note: This species is characterized by red mature fruit and long white bracts. It is a new genus record in Myanmar. -
Oreoseris lacei (G. Watt) V. A. Funk & W. Zheng in Xu et al., Phytokeys 96: 16, 2018 (Asteraceae) (Fig. 2A).
Gerbera lacei G. Watt, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 272. 1911. Uechtritzia lacei (G. Watt) C. Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 21(2): 213. 1967.Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°14′59.8″N, 96°25′41.8″E, elev. 1,425 m, 14 Jan 2017, Kim et al. MM-5956 (HHU, KB).Type: India, Chamba state, 6 Jun 1898, Lace J. H. 1712, (Syntype: E), seen as a photo.Distribution: N India, S Jammu and Kashmir (Xu et al., 2018).Note: This species was transferred from Gerbera to Uechtritzia and was recently repositioned to Oreoseris. It is noteworthy that the original distribution of this species and this survey area are approximately 2,300 km away (Xu et al., 2018). Future studies of their disjunctive distribution may also be possible. It is a new genus record in Myanmar. -
Begonia demissa Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1930: 409, 1930 (Begoniaceae) (Fig. 4B).
Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°02′29.3″N, 96°30′48.8″E, elev. 1,131 m, 5 Oct 2017, Kim et al. MM-6392 (HHU).Type: Thailand, Baw Re, Kanburi, 21 Jul 1826, Put. 218 (Isotype: BM), seen as a photo.Distribution: China (Yang et al., 2015), Thailand (Santisuk et al., 2006).Note: It was originally described from Thailand, but recently it was reported as a new record of Begonia species in China (Yunnan). Considering the geographical location of the Shan state connecting China and Thailand, it is a species that is likely to be distributed in this survey area (Yang et al., 2015). -
Begonia discreta Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1930: 410, 1930 (Begoniaceae).
Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°14′24.1″N, 96°26′07.5″E, elev. 1,464 m, 4 Oct 2017, Kim et al. MM-6317 (HHU).Type: Thailand, Doi Suthep Chiang Mai, Kerr A. F. G. 3442 (Isotype: TCD), seen as a photo.Distribution: China (Wu et al., 2007c), Thailand (Santisuk et al., 2006).Note: It is a species distributed throughout China and Thailand and is likely to be distributed in this survey area for the same reason as Begonia demissa Craib. -
Begonia incerta Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 57, 1911 (Begoniaceae) (Fig. 3C).
Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°06′13.6″N, 96°32′24.9″E, elev. 1,358 m, 5 Oct 2017, Kim et al. MM-6350 (HHU).Type: Thailand, Mej Ping Rapids, 15 Dec 1908, Kerr A. F. G. 508 (Isotype: K), seen as a photo.Distribution: Thailand (Kerr, 1911).Note: It is a species endemic to Thailand and is considered to be an indicator species of limestone areas. -
Begonia siamensis Gagnep., Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 25: 278, 1919 (Begoniaceae).
Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°06′14.7″N, 96°32′30.5″E, elev. 1,346 m, 5 Oct 2017, Kim et al. MM-6355 (HHU).Type: Thailand, Doi Suthep Chiang Mai, 13 Dec 1904, Hosseus C. C. 238 (Isosyntype: K), seen as a photo.Distribution: Thailand, Laos (Santisuk et al., 2006).Note: It was described in Thailand and its distribution was confirmed in Laos. It is considered to be an indicator species of limestone areas. -
Begonia soluta Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1930: 418, 1930 (Begoniaceae) (Fig. 3D).
Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°15′28.4″N, 96°25′08.8″E, elev. 1,396 m, 4 Oct 2017, Kim et al. MM-6311 (HHU).Type: Thailand, Kao Huo mot, Kampeng Pet, 13 Jun 1922, Kerr A. F. G. 6129 (Isotype: BK), seen as a photo.Distribution: Thailand.Note: It is an endemic species of Thailand and is considered to be an indicator species of limestone areas. -
Carex maubertiana Boott, Ill. Gen. Carex 1: 45, pl. 114, 1858 (Cyperaceae) (Fig. 4C).
Carex hebecarpa var. maubertiana (Boott) Franch., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. III 10: 70 1898.Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°15′56.9″N, 96°29′52.4″E, elev. 1,286 m, 3 Oct 2017, Kim et al. MM-6238 (HHU).Type: Vietnam, Cochinchine, Tourane, Jan 1837.Gaudichaud C. s.n. (Isotype: P), seen as a photo.Distribution: China, India, Nepal, Vietnam (Wu et al., 2010), Cambodia, Laos, Sumatra (Nelmes, 1946).Note: It is a species that grows widely in neighboring countries and can be expected to be distributed in Myanmar as well. It is characterized by inflorescence borne at the end of the stem, which is easily distinguished from the species of Carex distributed in Southeast Asia (Nelmes, 1946). -
Pterolobium micranthum Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 2: 209, 1912 (Fabaceae).
Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°10′10.1″N, 96°26′01.1″E, elev. 1,235 m, 30 Jan 2018, Kim et al. MM-6520 (HHU).Type: Thailand, Muong-pran, Aug. 1868, Pierre J. B. L. 187 (Syntype: E), seen as a photo.Distribution: Thailand, Vietnam.Note: The deformation of fruit wings is an important trait by which to distinguish species, and the number of leaflets and ratio of the length to width are important diagnostic characters. -
Didymocarpus megaphyllus Barnett, Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 20: 11, 1961 (Gesneriaceae) (Fig. 3E).
Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°06′14.7″N, 96°32′30.5″E, elev. 1,346 m, 5 Oct 2017, Kim et al. MM-6359 (HHU).Type: Thailand, Ban Kawp, Surat, 8 Aug 1927, Kerr A. F. G. 13215 (Holotype: K), seen as a photo.Distribution: Thailand (Nangngam and Maxwell, 2013).Note: It is an endemic species distributed in southern Thailand. This species has large leaves and dark red or crimsonred flower, which distinguish it well from other species in Didymocarpus (Nangngam and Maxwell, 2013). -
Pogostemon chinensis C. Y. Wu & Y. C. Huang, Fl. Yunnanica 1: 742, 1977 (Lamiaceae) (Fig. 2D).
Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°16′09.0″N, 96°28′27.1″E, elev. 1,641 m, 1 Feb 2018, Kim et al. MM-6630 (HHU).Type: China, Yunnan Prov., Yangbi yizu zizhixian, Liu Shene s.n. (Isotype: PE), seen as a photo.Distribution: China (Yao et al., 2015).Note: Spikes are longer than 5 cm compared to relatives. The calyx tube is subtubular and glandular in the flower, and the teeth of the calyx are narrowly triangular and subequal (Yao et al., 2015). -
Pogostemon linearis (Benth.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 530, 1891. (Lamiaceae) (Fig. 4D).
Dysophylla linearis Benth., Prodr. 12: 157, 1848; Anuragia linearis (Benth.) Raizada, Suppl. Duthie′s Fl. Upper Gangetic Plain 218, 1976; Eusteralis linearis (Benth.) Panigrahi, Phytologia 32: 476, 1976.Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°10′09.5″N, 96°26′09.2″E, elev. 1,234 m, 30 Jan 2018, Kim et al. MM-6490 (HHU).Type: India, Pandua Dekelua, Wallich N. 1540 (Type: HBG), seen as a photo.Distribution: China, India (Yao et al., 2015).Note: Stems of this species are pubescent, whereas those of related species are strigose. The leaves are verticillate and sessile (Yao et al., 2015). -
Linum mysorense B. Heyne ex Wa, Numer. List 1507, 1829 (Linaceae) (Fig. 2B).
Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°14′59.8″N, 96°25′41.8″E, elev. 1,425 m, 14 Jan 2017, Kim et al. MM-5945 (HHU, KB).Type: Information unavailable.Distribution: India (Gill, 1987). -
Firmiana kerrii (Craib) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 5: 389, 1961 (Malvaceae) (Fig. 3F).
Sterculia kerrii Craib, Kew Bull. 1915: 424, 1915; in Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 167, Fig. 67, 1925.Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°08′30.6″N, 96°24′17.2″E, elev. 1,426 m, 1 Feb 2018, Kim et al. MM-6614 (HHU).Type: Thailand, Dio Chung Dao, 28 Jan 1913, Kerr A. F. G. 2866 (Type: BM), seen as a photo.Distribution: Thailand (Santisuk and Larsen, 2001).Note: It is a species endemic to Thailand and is rarely distributed in limestone areas, which reflects the geological characteristics of the survey area (Santisuk and Larsen, 2001). -
Stephania japonica var. timoriensis (DC.) Forman, Kew Bull. 11: 49, 1956. (Menispermaceae)
Cocculus japonicus var. timoriensis DC., Prodr. 1: 96, 1824.Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°15′45.8″N, 96°29′ 43.8″E, elev. 1,313 m, 12 Jan 2017, Kim et al. MM-5772 (HHU, KB); Ywangan Township, 21°00′17.9″N, 96°31′32.9″E, elev. 1,230 m, 15 Jan 2017, Kim et al. MM-6090 (HHU, KB).Type: Indonesia, Timor, anonymous s.n. (Type: GDC), seen as a photo.Distribution: Bangladesh, China, Indonesia; Australia, Pacific Islands (Wu et al., 2008).Note: It is widely distributed in neighboring countries and is highly likely to occur in Myanmar (Wu et al., 2008). -
Myrsine faberi (Mez) Pipoly & C. Chen, Novon 5: 360, 1995 (Primulaceae) (Fig. 2E).
Rapanea faberi Mez, Pflanzenr. IV 236 (Heft 9): 358, 1902.Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°06′19.8″N, 96°34′25.0″E, elev. 1,929 m, 13 Jan 2017, Kim et al. MM-5905 (HHU, KB).Type: China, Mengtze, mountains to south, 6,000 feet, A. Henry, 9173A (Isosyntype: A), seen as a photo.Distribution: China (Yunnan) (Wu and Raven, 1996).Note: The leaves of this species are very narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate and the leaf margin is entire. The calyx is papery and the lobes are ovate (Wu and Raven, 1996). -
Sageretia hamosa (Wall.) Brongn., Mém. Fam. Rhamnées 53, 1826 (Rhamnaceae) (Fig. 4E).
Ziziphus hamosa Wall., Fl. Ind., ed. 1820 2: 369–370, 1824.Rhamnus affinis Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 17: 1140, Oct 1826–Nov 1827; Sageretia affinis (Blume) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 2: 29, 1832.Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 20°59′57.9″N, 96°34′09.3″E, elev. 1,285 m, 3 Feb 2018, Kim et al. MM-6699 (HHU).Type: Nepal, Napalia, Wallich N. #4253-a (Isotype: P), seen as a photo.Distribution: China, India, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam (Wu et al., 2007b).Note: Although the distribution area of the species is very wide, ranging from the Philippines to Nepal, it is considered to be a rare species. It is an indicator species of limestone areas and is also found in the limestone areas of many neighboring countries. Currently, several new species are described from Sageretia in limestone areas (Wu et al., 2007b). -
Eriobotrya bengalensis var. angustifolia Cardot, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 371, 1918 (Rosaceae) (Fig. 2F).
Eriobotrya bengalensis f. angustifolia (Cardot) J. E. Vidal, Adansonia n.s. 5: 569, 1965.Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°15′02.6″N, 96°25′38.6″E, elev. 1,403 m, 14 Jan 2017, Kim et al. MM-5965 (HHU, KB).Type: China, Yunnan, 29 Mar 1907, Ducloux F. 4719 (Holotype: P), seen as a photo.Distribution: China (SE Yunnan) (Wu et al., 2007a).Note: It is a Chinese endemic species which grows in hilly areas in the survey area. The species are often shrubby and resemble an oak species. The species is characterized by having an incised-serrate leaf margin and tomentose peduncle and pedicels. The leaf shape is very similar to the closely allied taxon, but the texture is softer (Wu et al., 2007a). -
Mycetia cauliflora Reinw., Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: 9, 1825 (Rubiaceae) (Fig. 4F).; Adenosacme cauliflora. (Reinw.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 2: 215, 1857.
Bertiera lateriflora Blume, Bijdr. 988, 1826; Mycetia lateriflora (Blume) Korth., Ne derl. Kruidk. Arch. 2: 118, 1851.Bertiera chrysantha Hassk., Retzia 1: 30, 1855.Mycetia cauliflora var. macrocalyx Hassk., Retzia 1: 33, 1855.Bertiera macrocalyx Hassk., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 4: 7, 1856.Mycetia javanica Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 3: 95, 1880.Adenosacme scortechinii King & Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 72: 197, 1903; Mycetia scortechinii (King & Gamble) Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 63, 1923.Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°16′03.6″N, 96°29′54.1″E, elev. 1,155 m, 12 Jan 2017, Kim et al. MM-5844 (HHU, KB); Ywangan Township, 21°06′19.1″N, 96°34′04.9″E, elev. 1,857 m, 13 Jan 2017, Kim et al. MM-5900 (HHU, KB); Ywangan Township, 21°16′03.5″N, 96°29′53.3″E, elev. 1,175 m, 3 Oct 2017, Kim et al. MM-6228 (HHU).Type: Philippines, Mindanao, Cotabato, Apo, Todaya (Apo Mt.), District of Davao, Elmer. A.D.E. 10504 (Isotype: U), seen as a photo.Distribution: Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines (Yan et al., 2016).Note: It grows in humid rocky areas and is easily distinguishable from sympatric plant species due to its white fruit on long pedicels. One of the diagnostic characters of the species is the stipules, which is ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, subscarious. The leaves are glabrous and larger (3.5–9 cm wide) than closely allied species (Yan et al., 2016). -
Rubia siamensis Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 397, 1911 (Rubiaceae).
Specimens examined: MYANMAR. Southern Shan State: Ywangan Township, 21°15′45.8″N, 96°29′43.8″E, elev. 1,313 m, 12 Jan 2017, Kim et al. MM-5790 (HHU, KB).Type: Thailand, Dam Sutip, 14 May 1911, Kerr A. F. G. 1832 (Type: K), seen as a photo.Distribution: China (SW Yunnan), Thailand (Wu et al., 1994b).Note: It was first described in Thailand and confirmed to be distributed in China as well. This species is characterized by distinct single mid-vein, pinnate lateral veins and triangular small stipules. The dark green color of the dried leaf is also a distinguishing feature of the species (Wu et al., 1994b). The occurrence of this species can be expected in the survey area, which is connected to two current distribution areas, SW Yunnan and Thailand.It should be emphasized that a considerable number of newly recorded plant species were collected within the relatively short periods of the expeditions. Considering that most of the examined sites are places easily accessible by car and on foot, the number of new records appears to be relatively high. In addition, many of the newly recorded species are commonly distributed in Yunnan (China) and northern Thailand, filling in the floristic discontinuity between the two areas. The results of this study reemphasize the need for intensive and continuous research on the flora of Myanmar for a more comprehensive understanding of the distribution patterns of flowering plants in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, there are many more species in Myanmar waiting to be described, as much of the country is still untouched and has scarcely been accessed by botanists.