RESULTS
Murdannia loriformis (Hassk.) R. S. Rao & Kammathy, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 393, 1962.—TYPE: Indonesia. Java, s.die,
Junghuhn s.n. (lectotype: L 0041700 Photo!, designated by
Ancy et al., 2015). (
Figs. 1,
2).
Aneilema loriforme Hassk., Pl. Jungh. [Miquel] 2: 143, 1852.
Korean name: 우영사마귀풀(U-yeong-sa-ma-gwi-pul).
English name: Severalflower dewflower.
Herbs perennial. Roots rhizomes absent, fibrous, roots at the nodes. Stems diffused, main stem developed with rosette leaves, erect to decumbent, branched laterally with decumbent stems, glabrous. Leaves alternate, sessile, basal leaves rosetted; sheath glabrous, ciliate; leaf blade oblong-linear to lanceolate-linear, 2.5–7.3 cm long, 0.4–1.5 cm wide, apex acute, base rounded, margin entire, scabrous, usually undulate, glabrous, ciliate. Inflorescence cincinnus, axillary, or terminal on branched stems, solitary, rarely paired terminally; bract leaf-like; bracteoles caducous; more than 1 flower. Flowers zygomorphic, andromonoecious; sepal 3, ovate to elliptic, 1.5– 3.0 mm long, 1.3–1.4 mm wide, pale green, glabrous; petal 3, ovate, 5.1–7.4 mm long, 4.8–5.7 mm wide, white to pale pink; stamen 2, antesepalous, dorsifixed, filaments white to pale pink, base stouter, densely bearded with white to pale pink, anthers blue or purple, pollen white to pale yellow; staminode 3, antepetalous, filaments white to pale pink, densely bearded with white to pale pink, hair, antherodes 3-lobed, white to pale yellow; pistil 1, ovary elliptic, style curved, glabrous. Fruits capsule, ovate, 3.2–3.8 mm long, 2.3–3 mm wide, valves 3, seeds 2 per valve. Seeds oblong to elliptic, 1.2–1.3 mm long, 1–1.1 mm wide, pale brown; testa foveolate-reticulate, striate, verrucose appearance absent.
Flowering and fruiting: June–November.
Origin: Asia (Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam) (
POWO, 2023).
Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam, South Korea (
POWO, 2023).
Distribution in South Korea: Jejudo Island (Jeju-si).
Specimens examined: USA. Florida: Miami-Dade, 26 Apr 1974, G. N. Avery 1495 (USF 117900).
JAPAN. Ryukyu: Okinawa, 30 Mar 2002, K. Yasuda 326 (L 3756609). Osaka: Nakanoshima Island, 9 Oct 2019, E. Suzuki s.n. (KAG 022546).
INDIA. Coimbatore: Tamilnadu, 20 Aug 2016, M. D. Nandikar 1262 (NGCPR 00090, 00091, 00105, 00111).
VIETNAM. Ninh Binh: Nho Quan, 9 Oct 1999, N. M. Cuong, D. T. Kien, M. V. Sinh 613 (L 1427212); 17 Nov 2005, M. V. Xinh 730 (L 4310314).
KOREA. Jeju-do: Jeju-si, Hankyung-myeon, Yongsu-ri, 15 Jun 2022, S. G. Lee Yongsuri220615-1, Yongsuri220615- 1 (KH 3000116, 3000117); 12 Oct 2023, E. S. Kang and Y. K. Joung Yongsuri231012-001, Yongsuri231012-002, Yongsuri231012-003, Yongsuri231012-004 (KH); 7 Nov 2023, H. J. Jo, Y. S. Kim, E. S. Kang and S. R. Lee Yongsuri231107-001, Yongsuri 231107-002, Yongsuri231107-003 (KH).
Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan, Kew Bull. 7: 189, 1952.—TYPE: India. s.loc., s.die,
Osbeck s.n. (lectotype: LINN 65.12 Photo!, designated by Merrill and Dandy, 1937) (
Figs. 3,
4).
Commelina nudiflora L., Sp. Pl.: 41, 1753; Aneilema nudiflorum (L.) Sweet, Hort. Br.: 430, 1826; Ditelesia nudiflora (L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 69, 1837; Phaeneilema nudiflorum (L.) G. Brückn., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 56, 1927.
Korean name: 들사마귀풀(Deul-sa-ma-gwi-pul).
English name: Nakedstem dewflower.
Herb annual. Roots rhizomes absent, fibrous, slender, roots at nodes. Stems diffused, main stem undeveloped, erect to decumbent, unbranched to many branched, glabrous. Leaves alternate, sessile, almost cauline, rarely 1–2 basal leaves, not forming rosette; sheath glabrous, ciliate; leaf blade oblong-linear to lanceolate-linear, 1.5–10 cm long, 0.3–1.2 cm wide, apex acute, base rounded, margin entire, scabrous, glabrous to sparsely haired, ciliate. Inflorescence cincinnus, axillary or terminal, solitary or paired; bract, leaf-like; bracteoles, caducous; more than 1 flower. Flowers zygomorphic, andromonoecious; sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, 1.5–3.0 mm long, 1.3–1.4 mm wide, pale green, glabrous; petals 3, ovate, 5.1– 7.4 mm long, 4.8–5.7 mm wide, pink to purple; stamens 2, antesepalous, dorsifixed, filaments pink to purple, base stouter, densely bearded with pink to purple hair, anthers blue or purple, pollen white to pale yellow; staminode 3, antepetalous, filaments pink to purple, densely bearded with pale pink to purple hair, antherodes 3-lobed, white to pale yellow; pistil 1, ovary elliptic, style curved, glabrous. Fruits capsule, ovate, 3.2–4.0 mm long, 2.1–3 mm wide, valves 3, seeds 2 per valve. Seeds oblong to elliptic, 1.2–1.3 mm long, 1–1.1 mm wide, brown; testa foveolate-reticulate, pitted, verrucose.
Flowering and fruiting: June–November.
Origin: Asia (Pakistan, India, Myanmar, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Papua New Guinea), Australia (
Kang et al., 2023;
POWO, 2023).
Distribution: Pakistan, India, Myanmar, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Australia, United States, Mexico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Panama, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Uruguay, Suriname, Japan, South Korea (
Kang et al., 2023;
POWO, 2023).
Distribution in South Korea: Gyeonggi-do (Yeoju-si), Daegeon-si, Gyeongbuk-do (Andong-si).
Specimens examined: USA. South Carolina: Warsaw 13 Oct 2019, J. Nelson, P. Ferral, R. Porcher 41036 (USCH0053131). Florida: Tampa, 5 Sep 2019, S. Dickman 1484 (USF303409); Plant, 6 Aug 2020, K. S. Alvarado 109 (USF 302431); Morriston, 2 Sep 2021, K. Switt 200 (FLAS 278222).
BRAZIL. São Paulo: Avenida José da Costa, 21 Jan 2019, G. M. Antar and V. B. Caetano 2567 (RB 828733). Acre: Parque Estadual Chandless, 5 Apr 2019, R. C. Forzza, H. Medeiros, A. S. Lima, E. C. Oliveira, A. Contijo, M. Landeiro, F. A. Obermuller, M. Silveira and D.C. Daly 10275 (RB803783). INDIA. Maharashtra: Talkat, 25 Sep 2019, M. D. Nandikar 3249 (NGCPR01992). Andhra Pradesh: Horsley Hills, 13 Oct 2019, M. D. Nandikar and M. N. Mitta s.n. (NGCPR01223).
KOREA. Daejeon-si: Daejeon-si, Yuseong-gu, Doryongdong, 24 Aug 2022, M. Y. Yim s.n. (NSMK); Daejeon-si, Yuseong-gu, Guseong-dong, 29 Aug 2022, M. Y. Yim s.n. (NSMK). Gyeongbuk-do: Andong-si, Pungsan-eup, Maegok-ri, 17 Jul 2023, S. Jeong and G. Y. Chung Maegokri230717-1, Maegokri230717-2, Maegokri230717-3, Maegokri230717-4, Maegokri230717-5 (KH), 3 Nov 2023, S. Jeong and G. Y. Chung Maegokri230717-001, Maegokri230717-002, Maegokri230717-004, Maegokri230717-005, Maegokri230717-006, Maegokri 230717-007 (KH). Gyeonggi-do: Yeoju-si, Yeonyang-dong, 23 Sep 2023, M. K. Lee 0214 (KH).
Taxonomic note: Murdannia loriformis and
M. nudiflora not only exhibit similarities in inflorescence and flower appearance but also share morphological characteristics, including the absence of rhizomes, roots at nodes, diffused and decumbent stems, 3-valved capsules, and two seeds per valve. However, the two species differ in terms of the detailed morphology of their stems, leaves, inflorescences, and seeds (
Fig. 5,
Table 1). In
M. loriformis, the main stem develops with basal leaves forming rosettes, and its inflorescence develops only on the branched stems (
Fig. 5A–C). Meanwhile,
M. nudiflora does not develop a main stem, and it has 1–2 basal leaves that do not form a prominent rosette (
Fig. 5E–G). The inflorescence of this species develops on all stems. Distinct differences were observed between the seeds of the two species as well (
Fig. 5D, H). In the former, the seeds were pale brown with striated testa, characterized by parallel lines spreading outward, and were not verrucose. In contrast, the seeds of the latter were brown, and the testa was pitted and verrucose.
Key to Murdannia in Korea
1. Root rhizomes present; inflorescence usually single-flowered, bracteoles persistent; capsule more than 4 mm long, with more than 2 seeds per valve; seed testa faintly ribbed ···························· Murdannia keisak (사마귀풀)
1. Root rhizomes absent; inflorescence more than 1-flowered, bracteoles caducous; capsule less than 4 mm long, with 2 seeds per valve; seed testa foveolate-reticulate.
2. Plant perennial; main stem developed; basal leaves rosette; inflorescence axillary or terminal on branches; seeds pale brown, testa striate, verrucose appearance absent ································· M. loriformis (우영사마귀풀)
2. Plant annual; main stem undeveloped; basal leaves not forming rosette; inflorescence axillary or terminal on all stems; seeds brown, testa pitted, verrucose ······························ M. nudiflora (들사마귀풀)